The Latest Buzz in Our Biz: How Will the Nelson Memo’s Recommendations on Data Deposition Impact Editorial Offices?

By Kristen L. Overstreet
Senior Partner, Origin Editorial

Take Home Points:

Keep up to date on impending requirements from U.S. funders, related to the Nelson Memo, that will affect data and publication accessibility requirements for your journal’s future submissions.

Be prepared to update your journal processes related to open-data workflows.

Know where you can find resources to help you with ethical issues related to data publication.

Following the release of the Nelson Memo late last summer from the U.S. Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), the industry has been buzzing about the potential effects these recommendations regarding U.S. federal funders’ policies will have on access to federally funded research. Will the recommendations force hybrid and subscription-based journals to flip to Gold Open Access  or can these journals’ business models survive and still be in compliance with the U.S. funders’ expected policies of immediate public access? How will these changes be implemented? Where will the funding come from for authors who want to pay APCs to make their articles immediately publicly available? I will leave those questions to the Scholarly Kitchen, as the chefs have done a lot of thoughtful pondering on these subjects in recent months.

What interests me most in the Nelson Memo is related to the deposit of the underlying data:

“Scientific data underlying peer-reviewed scholarly publications resulting from federally funded research should be made freely available and publicly accessible by default at the time of publication . . .” (Nelson, 2022, p.4).

This recommendation will have a significant effect on editorial offices as we may be the people tasked with checking that authors have complied with this policy, at the journal level, and we will certainly have additional technical checks related to the datasets added to our submission processes. Our editors and reviewers may also have questions about accessing these data and how to review and comment on it. We will need to update submission instructions and policy and procedures manuals, and there will be ethical issues to manage.

Where do we start in preparing our documentation and updating our workflows? Who can tell us what to do? I’m sure the International Society of Managing and Technical Editors (ISMTE) and the Council of Science Editors (CSE) will soon have resources for us, and I predict this topic will be popular at the industry meetings in 2023. So, we should keep our eyes open for learning opportunities. In the meantime, I’m seeking advice from an expert and Origin colleague, Tim Vines, who contributed the “Processes” section below”.
Processes
Journals need to make a series of decisions about how they will implement and operate their open-data workflows. For funder-mandated open data, the journal must decide between two paths.

Path 1
The Editorial Office (EO) could check open data only for manuscripts funded by an agency with an open-data mandate. In this workflow, the EO must check the funding statement for each manuscript to determine which policies apply. Since most manuscripts list funding from multiple sources, the EO must furthermore determine which policy takes precedence—presumably the strictest in each case. For journals in areas where most of the funders have open-data policies, this process will be difficult and time consuming, and hence, it’s recommended only when a small proportion of a journal’s manuscripts are affected by funder open-data mandates.

Path 2
The second route avoids the difficulties of deciding which manuscripts to assess, and instead the EO formulates and enforces its own open-data policy. To ensure the EO is helping authors simultaneously comply with whatever funder mandate might apply, the journal must match its policy to the most relevant funder policy for its authors. In this route, the EO selects the article types most likely to contain data (e.g., Original Articles and Brief Communications) and checks for open data in all of these manuscripts.

Where to Check for Open Data
Next, the EO must determine where in the peer review process they will check for open data. There are a wide range of approaches here. Journals with limited resources might consider only checking articles that have been accepted for publication, which has the disadvantage that neither the reviewers nor editors are able to inspect the datasets before deciding whether to publish the paper. Moreover, once the manuscript is accepted for publication, the authors can be resistant to extra tasks like sharing their datasets.

The other extreme is checking all submitted manuscripts at initial submission (i.e., the EO checklist stage). In this case, the datasets are available to the reviewers and editors, but the (considerable) effort expended on open-data checks is effectively wasted if the manuscript receives an editorial rejection. However, this approach does have two advantages: 1) manuscripts that have not put all their datasets on a public server can be unsubmitted, which effectively resets the ‘time in review’ clock and avoids delays in the editorial process; 2) for journals that are part of a cascade, checking open data for all submissions saves effort for the other titles in the cascade. A caveat of the first advantage is that for authors who object to making their data public before the article is accepted for publication there are some data repositories (e.g., Dryad) that have a private peer review workflow; these allow reviewers and editors to log in and check the datasets, but the data are not publicly visible.

One sensible time point for checking open data is in parallel with the first round of peer review—once the article has been sent out to reviewers. Editorial rejections have already taken place, and hence this subset of articles has a considerably higher chance of acceptance. Moreover, the authors are engaged with the review process and are keen to take any steps that might improve the likelihood that their article is accepted for publication. Lastly, this stage of the review process typically takes at least two weeks, so checking open data in parallel does not slow down the review process (open-data checks typically take 2-4 days).

How to Check for Open Data
The last thing to consider is how the journal will check for open data, which can be difficult and time consuming. The steps are 1) read through the Methods section and generate a list of all the datasets that the authors generated for the article, 2) check which of those datasets have been shared on a public server, and 3) compose a list of actions the authors need to take to ensure that they comply with the open-data mandate. This can be difficult for EO staff who don’t have domain expertise, chiefly because it’s hard to decide what constitutes a dataset and what doesn’t and be able to confidently negotiate that with authors.

Given these difficulties, the EO can opt to just check whether the authors 1) generated any sort of data, and 2) shared any data on a public repository. The former can be established by finding any Methods sentence where the authors described collecting data (e.g., “We measured X with a Y machine.”), and the latter by looking in the Data Accessibility section for one or more links to an entry on a repository. While this approach is simple, and may help authors meet some lax funder standards, most authors will fail to share all of their datasets, leaving readers unable to reproduce the results and the journal open to criticism that the data policy is not being properly enforced. Finally, some funder mandates may include language to the effect that all of the data underlying the manuscript should be shared, so this basic approach may not help all authors to comply with their funders’ mandates.

A second approach is to bring in one or more Data Editors to help with assessing data sharing. These editors can make accurate judgements about which datasets should be shared, but motivating them to complete their assessments on time and to the agreed standard can be challenging. Since most Data Editors will be volunteers, the journal will typically try to minimize their workload by assessing only those articles that are accepted for publication, leading to the issues described above.

Third, the journal can outsource the compliance assessment process. This is a new approach, and only one organization, DataSeer, offers this service presently. DataSeer makes use of Natural Language Processing (NLP) Artificial Intelligence to find sentences where the authors describe generating and sharing their data. It then applies a set of rules to establish whether the authors have complied with the applicable policies. Using NLP helps keep costs down, although DataSeer’s Data Curators do check the tool’s assessment of every manuscript to ensure consistently high standards.


Other Considerations

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) recently released their “2023 NIH Data Management and Sharing Policy,” which will become effective tomorrow, January 25, 2023, requiring investigators/authors to share the data underlying a publication at the time of publication, and “other data must be shared by the end of the research project or protocol” (When Data Need To Be Shared). “Scientific data are defined as the recorded factual material commonly accepted in the scientific community as of sufficient quality to validate and replicate research findings, regardless of whether the data are used to support scholarly publications” (What Scientific Data Need to Be Shared). Data Management and Sharing plans must be submitted to NIH for all research conducted on or after January 25, so manuscripts written about NIH-funded research conducted on or after January 25 must include a statement about how the data is being shared and where it can be accessed.

Publishing the underlying data for an article is important—future researchers can then reproduce and build upon that science. Data sharing may lead to improvements in human health, but has distracted by the practical questions:

      1. How do we manage the data statement in the article? Does the journal have to check that the statement adheres to the funders’ policy?
      2. Does the journal have to identify a preferred data repository?
      3. What does the editorial office have to do to ensure the authors properly deposited the data?
      4. What if the provided link to the dataset doesn’t work?
      5. How do the editors work with these data? They have precious little time now to get their editorial work done; how will they validate data sets?
      6. The same for reviewers—reviewer burden is an ever-increasing issue. It’s hard to secure reviewers and to get comments back in an author-approved amount of time. Are we now going to ask reviewers to comment on the dataset that accompanies a paper? What will that do to our conversion numbers and turn-around times?[1]

And then there’s the ethics.

      1. Might we discover that datasets have been used without permission from the copyright or other licensed owner?
      2. What if the sharing of the data / attempt to publish the data violates privacy or other laws in the country where some of the data were collected?
      3. Could there be authorship issues related to datasets?
      4. And what about data manipulation and fabrication?

These questions just scratch the surface of the potential ethical issues related to publishing data.

I don’t have the answers to all of these questions, but fortunately, the Force11 and Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) Research Data Publishing Ethics Working Group has already provided guidance on how to handle ethical issues related to data and has made that guidance available for editorial offices so we don’t have to figure this out on our own. In a blog post announcing the availability of this guidance, Puebla and Lowenberg (2021) said:

“The growth in data sharing over the last few years is an undeniably positive trend, providing the research community with ready access to valuable outputs and affording researchers further opportunities to extend the reach of their work. As more datasets are deposited and published, it is importantand necessaryto develop standards for the handling of possible ethical challenges that may arise in relation to published data: both to protect the researchers who contribute datasets and to secure trust by the scientific community in the value and reliability of public datasets.” 

The Working Group has also created policy templates for repositories and publishers, and is working on flowcharts. I am a member of the working group and contributed to the guidance on authorship.

Conclusion
It is too early to say just how the Nelson Memo recommendations will affect our work as editorial office professionals, but I feel confident in saying that it will have an impact. Preparing ourselves by seeking the current information in our industry, considering potential effects on and changes to our processes, and being aware of the available resources will help us manage the new policies and procedures we need to improve the peer review process and resulting publications for our journals.

[1] Conversion number = invitations to review / agreements to review.

Acknowledgements: Ms. Overstreet gratefully acknowledges the contributions of Tim Vines for writing the “Processes” section of this post.

Conflicts of Interest
Kristen Overstreet: None to Declare
Tim Vines: Mr. Vines is the founder and director of DataSeer.

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Consultant

alandwehr@origineditorial.com

Alice started her career in medical publishing and editing with The Journal of Pediatrics as an Editorial Assistant, becoming the journal’s first Senior Editorial Assistant and Press Release Writer, and eventually serving as its Managing Editor, when she transitioned the journal from a paper-based system to the online submission and review system Editorial Manager. She has provided publication management services for peer-reviewed journals such as Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology, and Medicine; Disability and Health Journal; Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology; Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology; Gastrointestinal Endoscopy; Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry; and others. She also worked for the American Board of Radiology as Senior Content Editor and Assistant Director of the Standards Division and for the University of Arizona Press, an academic and literary book publisher, as Art and Typesetting Assistant for the production department. Alice has a Bachelor’s of Arts in English from Northern Kentucky University and a Graduate Certificate in Professional Editing and Writing from the University of Cincinnati. She currently lives in Tucson, Arizona, and she leads fun and supportive low-impact Zumba Gold and EnerChi exercise classes for active older adults and beginners, currently online and in-person.

Wendy Krank

Consultant

wkrank@origineditorial.com

Wendy has worked in various professions and passions, including portrait photography and banking, before entering the field of medical publishing. Previously she worked at Mayo Clinic Arizona as a medical administrative assistant, credentialist, and general surgery residency coordinator for the Department of Medical Education. Wendy became managing editor for the neuroscience publications of Cephalalgia and Headache Currents. She joined the Origin Editorial team in March of 2018. At present, she supports the editorial office for ASHA journals. Wendy has previously provided editorial office management services for Restorative Medicine, Anesthesiology, and ILAR Journal. Wendy was a previous board member for ISMTE. She has database skills using these two platforms ScholarOne and Editorial Manager manuscript management systems.

Ann Casper

Consultant

acasper@origineditorial.com

Ann is Editor-in-Chief of Penelope Institute—an institute for the profoundly gifted. She is also an academic editor with extensive journal experience as Managing/Copyeditor for Animal Sentience and Senior Editor/Editorial Intern Mentor for Society & Animals. She has 17 years of editorial experience, including as a photojournalist, ghostwriter, production editor, and editorial assistant. Ann has also tutored English Language Learners, classmates and colleagues at University of Wisconsin–Madison, graduate students in engineering, K–12 immigrants and refugees, and gifted students. In addition to editing publications in the sciences, social sciences, and humanities, Ann is also collaborating to build her own editing website and form a creative collective with fellow musicians, writers, filmmakers, and artists. Ann loves learning about architecture, psychology, and classical music. For fun, she writes poetry; hosts open mics and performs standup comedy at the local tea bar; practices vinyasa yoga; bikes; and ventures to parks, concerts, and museums. Ann also enjoys moonlighting as a cat and dog “Nanny” in Chicago.

Alicia Byrne

Consultant

abyrne@origineditorial.com

Alicia has been with Origin Editorial since 2014, when she joined the team as the Managing Editor for Wilderness & Environmental Medicine, the official journal of the Wilderness Medical Society. Alicia brings a background in editorial processes, copyediting, and proofreading to Origin. She also edits the biannual Origin newsletter and is a member of ISMTE.

Abbie Flynn

Consultant

aflynn@origineditorial.com

As part of the marketing team, Abbie maintains Origin Editorial's and Origin Reports' social media accounts. For Origin Reports, she coordinates webinars, handles client communications, and manages the company's blog. Abbie also creates product demonstration videos and updates the Origin Reports website.

Sherrie Hill

Consultant

shill@origineditorial.com

Sherrie has been with Origin Editorial since 2017. She has worked in the editorial office for several journals and is currently working as the Assistant Peer Review Manager for the American Journal of Audiology. Additionally, Sherrie is the Project Manager for the editorial office reporting software application, Origin Reports. She uses her background in engineering to help design the customized editorial office charts, tables, and reports available in the application. Sherrie also provides personalized customer support for all Origin Reports users with reporting issues or questions.

Diane Dunham Drexler

Client Coordinator/Consultant

ddrexler@origineditorial.com

Diane began as a chemistry and physics instructor, providing a seamless transition to academic publishing. She served as the Publications Manager for the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology and managed its premier journal Neuropsychopharmacology. Later, she steered the college’s new initiative, Neuropsychopharmacology Reviews, from its launch through the sixth volume, including liaising with the publisher’s medical illustrator to create NPPR’s signature graphics. Diane has worked closely with abstract management submission designers and production teams to create online meeting abstracts and eBooks. She is exceptionally skilled in eJP, EM, and believes in a collaborative effort. Joining Origin Editorial in 2012 as the Publications Director for the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine, she managed the Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation until her more recent role of Peer Review Manager for Applied Physics Letters at the American Institute of Physics. Additionally, she manages the Journal of Clinical Lipidology, a publication of the National Lipid Society. Diane serves on several committees at ISMTE and is a member of CSE. She has Diane received her undergraduate degree from The University of Mary Washington in Virginia and her MEd in Secondary Science from Converse University in South Carolina.

Steve Cavanaugh

Client Coordinator/Consultant

scavanaugh@origineditorial.com

Steve got his start in publishing with Mosby Year-Book in Philadelphia in 1995, after working as a teacher, chef and various sundry jobs up and down the East Coast of the US. After returning to the Boston, Mass area, he worked in IT until returning to publishing with the journal Pharmacotherapy in 1999. He joined the Origin Editorial team in 2013 and has worked on a variety of journals in medicine, environmental science and physics.

Denise Kuo

Client Coordinator/Consultant

dkuo@origineditorial.com

Denise is a highly accomplished journal operations professional with 20 years of experience in scientific publishing. She has expertise in team leadership, customer relationships, and leading successful complex projects to implement efficiencies for improved productivity and reduction in costs. Denise is respected as a strong people leader excelling at developing and mentoring teams in providing high-quality, meaningful insight to senior management and other stakeholders for positive results. Before coming to Origin, she served as Director of Journal Operations, Circulation Journals and JAHA at the American Heart Association where she was responsible for ensuring standardization and implementing workflow efficiencies across the 13-journal portfolio. She is a member of ISMTE and CSE. She has served as a CSE Mentor and as a member of the SSP Marketing and Communications Committee.

Glenn Collins

Client Coordinator/Consultant

gcollins@origineditorial.com

Glenn graduated from Cornell University in 1991 with a BS in Biology. After working in a microbiology lab for a few years at Pall Corporation he started his STM publishing career at John Wiley and Sons in 1995. He left Wiley and moved to San Diego in 2000 where he first worked for the journal Brain Research before becoming the managing editor of the Journal of the American College of Cardiology (JACC). After twelve plus years as the Executive Managing Editor of the JACC journals Glenn moved to Origin Editorial where he assumed the role of Publications Director/Managing Editor for the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine (ACRM). In this role he oversees the Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and its open access companion the Archives of Rehabilitation Research and Clinical Translation. In 2021 Glenn assumed the position of Director of Sales, Publications and Social Media for ACRM. Glenn has helped develop and launch five (and counting) new journals in the STM field. Glenn is a past president of ISMTE.

Dave Allen

Client Coordinator/Consultant

dallen@origineditorial.co

Dave has over 21 years of publishing experience. He started his publishing career with the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, which self-published a journal and textbook, eventually becoming the Director of Publications. He then moved to take editorial leadership of CIG Media Group, LLC, which operated eight clinical oncology journals. From there he became a Publisher for Elsevier, specializing in oncology and radiology, with a portfolio of 12 journals, overseeing their operations for seven years. Dave moved to Origin Editorial in 2018 where he continues to manage journals as well as provide consultations for scientific societies. His Origin clients have included the American Association of Thoracic Surgery, the American Heart Association, and Cochrane. Dave has recently started as the Editorial Director for a large client. Dave has extensive experience in project, people, and budget management in the private and non-profit sectors. His experience includes developing and implementing new initiatives; creating and managing complex workflows and processes; forecasting and developing budgets; supervising employees; and collaborating with commercial sponsors, governing boards, and society leaders. Dave is the vice chair of the ISMTE Sponsorship Committee.

Erin Landis

Managing Director

elandis@origineditorial.com

Erin has more than two decades of leadership, strategic planning, project management, and relationship-building experience. As the Managing Director of Origin Editorial, she guides strategy, business development, and operations. Before Origin, she was the Vice President of Publications for the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA), where she oversaw the editorial and financial operations, as well as the strategic direction of several GI-related publications, including five peer-reviewed journals. Erin recently served as the president of ISMTE and serves as the chair of the Global Event Oversight Committee and as a member on the Education & Standards Committee. She’s also a member of SSP and CSE where she has served as a mentor. Also, she is a current member of the CSE DEI Committee. She also served as co-chair of the Publishing Professional Peer Group for the Council of Medical Specialty Societies and was a member of the writing group for the C4DISC Toolkits for Equity Project’s “Antiracism Toolkit for Organizations.” Erin received her degree in psychology from The College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, VA.

Kristen Overstreet

Senior Partner

kristen@origineditorial.com

Kristen oversees operations for Origin Editorial and Origin Reports, including managing the process of finding experienced team members to provide services to Origin’s clients. Kristen is a Past President of the ISMTE Board of Directors and currently serves the ISMTE on the Early Career and North America Meeting committees. She is also a member of the CSE, recently serving on their IAB Task Force, and FORCE11, serving on the Research Data Publishing Ethics Working Group. For more than 20 years, Kristen has been known for elevating journal operations and improving journal and peer review management through use of effective policies and procedures. She provides consultation to Origin clients regarding effective peer review management and speaks regularly on peer review operations and ethics at industry meetings.

Jason Roberts, PhD

Senior Partner

Jason@origineditorial.com

Dr. Roberts is a globally recognized peer review management specialist, publisher and intermittent academic investigator on all matters related to the conduct of peer review. He is focused on improving the quality, rigorousness and successful delivery of scholarly communications, regardless of discipline. After earning a doctorate in Geography from Loughborough University in the United Kingdom, Dr. Roberts began a career in publishing at Blackwell Science in Oxford, England and then Boston, Massachusetts, eventually becoming a Senior Editor of US-based medical journals. In 2010, Dr. Roberts formed Origin Editorial, one of the first, and now largest, independently owned companies to offer professional peer review management for journals. Dr. Roberts is a past-president of ISMTE. Dr. Roberts has a particular interest in improving standards of reporting in biomedical journals and the monitoring of publication ethics issues. He has contributed book chapters and research articles on these topics and collaborated closely with the EQUATOR Network, the Ottawa Centre for Journalology and the Committee on Publication Ethics. Dr. Roberts is a co-author of Peer Review: Reform and Renewal in Scientific Publishing” (2017, Against the Grain Publishing). He currently sits on the editorial board of the journal Research Integrity and Peer Review and is a frequent reviewer for papers on the subject of peer review for Learned Publishing and The BMJ